## Activity: The Hill

Vector Calculus II 2022 (4 years)
In this small group activity, students determine various aspects of local points on an elliptic hill which is a function of two variables. The gradient is emphasized as a local quantity which points in the direction of greatest change at a point in the scalar field.
• This activity is used in the following sequences
What students learn
• The gradient is perpendicular to the level curves.
• The gradient is a local quantity, i.e. it only depends on the values of the function at infinitesimally nearby points.
• Although students learn to chant that "the gradient points uphill," the gradient does not point to the top of the hill.
• The gradient path is not the shortest path between two points.
• Media

Suppose you are standing on a hill. You have a topographic map, which uses rectangular coordinates $(x,y)$ measured in miles. Your global positioning system says your present location is at one of the following points (pick one):

A: $(1,4)\qquad$ B: $(4,-9)\qquad$ C: $(-4,9)\qquad$ D: $(1,-4)\qquad$ E: $(2,0)\qquad$ F: $(0,3)$

Your guidebook tells you that the height $h$ of the hill in feet above sea level is given by $h = a - b x^2 - c y^2$ where $a=5000\hbox{ft}$, $b=30\,{\hbox{ft}\over\hbox{mi}^2}$, and $c=10\,{\hbox{ft}\over\hbox{mi}^2}$.

• Starting at your present location, in what map direction (2-d unit vector) do you need to go in order to climb the hill as steeply as possible?

Draw this vector on your topographic map.

• How steep is the hill if you start at your present location and go in this compass direction?

Draw a picture which shows the slope of the hill at your present location.

• In what direction in space (3-d vector) would you actually be moving if you started at your present location and walked in the map direction you found above?

To simplify the computation, your answer does not need to be a unit vector.

#### Main ideas

• Reinforce the geometric definition of the gradient.
• Differences between 2-d and 3-d representations of hills.
• Emphasize that the gradient lives in the domain, not on the graph.

#### Prerequisites

• The ability to compute the gradient of a function.
• The geometric interpretation of the gradient, that is, that the direction of the gradient of a function gives the direction of greatest increase of the function, while the magnitude gives the rate of increase at that point in that direction.

#### Warmup

• It takes the students surprisingly long to draw the topo map themselves. If you value this skill, you can speed thing up by having them sketch it beforehand. Otherwise, you can supply the contour graph.

#### Props

• whiteboards and pens
• any topographic map
• hill transparency
• blank transparencies and pens

### Details

It's tempting to use a hill as a nice geometric example of a function of two variables. However, doing so opens a can of worms. In examples like this, when the function has dimensions of length, students are confused as to whether the gradient is 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional. In most applications, involving physical quantities such as temperature, this confusion does not arise. If you want to use hills as an important example, then it's best to confront this confusions head-on; this lab is a good way to do so, although this requires fairly sophisticated geometric reasoning. If you choose to restrict to other applications, you may prefer to skip this lab.

#### In the Classroom

• You may wish to have students work on the points on the axes (E or F) first, then try another point.
• If you are not using an overhead projector, draw the topo map on the board while students are working on this activity so it's available for the wrapup.
• If you are using an overhead, put a blank transparency over the hill master and have students draw on that. If your classroom has whiteboards rather than blackboards, you can also project the transparency directly onto the board, then have students draw on the board.
• In the last question, groups may get the scale wrong. If the horizontal part of their answer is a unit vector, then they should use the magnitude of the gradient as the $z$-component. But if the horizontal part of their answer is the gradient, then they must scale the $z$-component appropriately.

#### Wrapup

• Have each group draw their gradient vector on the board on a single topo map. This is a good place to introduce the term “vector field”.
• Where does the gradient live? Students will not realize that, because the height is a function of two variables in this problem, the gradient of the height function is a 2-D vector that lives in the topo map.
• Compass direction versus slope: The gradient tells the students the direction of steepest ascent, and it also contains information about how quickly the height function is changing. $df = \vec{\nabla}f\cdot d\vec{r}$ Therefore, the magnitude of the gradient is the slope. To find the 3-D vector direction of travel, students need to find a unit vector in the direction of gradient as well as the change in height. Most students will forget that they need a normalized vector in the x-y plane to give the 3-D vector pointing along the steepest direction at their point.
• See Acting Out the Gradient. Ask students to stand up and imagine that they are standing at a point on the hill. Have them point in the direction of the the gradient. Many will point “uphill”, thinking that the gradient is 3-dimensional even though their computed answer does not contain $\boldsymbol{\hat{z}}$. Discuss this! The key understanding is that the gradient is always perpendicular to the level curves(for two dimensions) that they lie on. This is regardless of where the global maximum is of the function: if the level curves are not circular, then not everyone will be pointing towards the same point.

#### Homework

Consider a valley whose height $h$ in meters is given by $h={~x^2\over10}+{~y^2\over10}$, with $x$ and $y$ (and 10!) in meters. Suppose you are hiking through this valley on a trail given by $x=3t$, $y=2t^2$, with $t$ in seconds. How fast are you climbing per meter along the trail when $t=1$? How fast are you climbing per second when $t=1$.

#### Enrichment

• What is the length of the vector in the last problem. What does it mean? Do the units need to be the same in each term?
• Discuss which way you should go to get to the top of the hill the fastest. What does this mean? The shortest path (geodesic)? The one with the largest average steepness? The smallest average steepness?

As one student put it, the answer depends not only on the shape of the hill, but also on the shape of the hiker!

• Students may find it easier to visualize what it means to go down as steeply as possible. If you empty your canteen on the ground, which way would the water go? If you were skiing, which way would you go?
• Why is it that on a real hill, turning exactly $90^\circ$ from the steepest direction always keeps you at constant height?
• Regard the hill as a level surface of the function of three variables $z-h(x,y)$. What is the gradient of this function? What does it mean geometrically? How is it related to the gradient of $h$ and to the 3-dimensional vector found in the last problem?

(This is a good problem for honors students.)

• Point out that if the drawing is not to scale --- as produced for instance by the default settings for both Maple and Mathematica --- then the gradient will not appear to be perpendicular to the level curves!
• Directional derivatives are rates of change with respect to “distance traveled”. It is important to realize that the steepness of the hill is the directional derivative with respect to distance traveled in the topo map (the “run”), not physical distance traveled on the hill.

• group DELETE Navigating a Hill

group Small Group Activity

30 min.

##### DELETE Navigating a Hill
Static Fields 2022 (5 years) In this small group activity, students determine various aspects of local points on an elliptic hill which is a function of two variables. The gradient is emphasized as a local quantity which points in the direction of greatest change at a point in the scalar field.
• accessibility_new Acting Out the Gradient

accessibility_new Kinesthetic

10 min.

Static Fields 2022 (6 years)

Students are shown a topographic map of an oval hill and imagine that the classroom is on the hill. They are asked to point in the direction of the gradient vector appropriate to the point on the hill where they are "standing".
• group The Hillside

group Small Group Activity

30 min.

##### The Hillside
Vector Calculus I 2022

Students work in groups to measure the steepest slope and direction on a plastic surface, and to compare their result with the gradient vector, obtained by measuring its components (the slopes in the coordinate directions).
• assignment Directional Derivative

assignment Homework

##### Directional Derivative

Static Fields 2022 (6 years)

You are on a hike. The altitude nearby is described by the function $f(x, y)= k x^{2}y$, where $k=20 \mathrm{\frac{m}{km^3}}$ is a constant, $x$ and $y$ are east and north coordinates, respectively, with units of kilometers. You're standing at the spot $(3~\mathrm{km},2~\mathrm{km})$ and there is a cottage located at $(1~\mathrm{km}, 2~\mathrm{km})$. You drop your water bottle and the water spills out.

1. Plot the function $f(x, y)$ and also its level curves in your favorite plotting software. Include images of these graphs. Special note: If you use a computer program written by someone else, you must reference that appropriately.
2. In which direction in space does the water flow?
3. At the spot you're standing, what is the slope of the ground in the direction of the cottage?
4. Does your result to part (c) make sense from the graph?

assignment Homework

Consider the fields at a point $\vec{r}$ due to a point charge located at $\vec{r}'$.

1. Write down an expression for the electrostatic potential $V(\vec{r})$ at a point $\vec{r}$ due to a point charge located at $\vec{r}'$. (There is nothing to calculate here.)
2. Write down an expression for the electric field $\vec{E}(\vec{r})$ at a point $\vec{r}$ due to a point charge located at $\vec{r}'$. (There is nothing to calculate here.)
3. Working in rectangular coordinates, compute the gradient of $V$.
4. Write several sentences comparing your answers to the last two questions.

• group Directional Derivatives

group Small Group Activity

30 min.

##### Directional Derivatives
Vector Calculus I 2022

This small group activity using surfaces relates the geometric definition of directional derivatives to the components of the gradient vector. Students work in small groups to measure a directional derivative directly, then compare its components with measured partial derivatives in rectangular coordinates. The whole class wrap-up discussion emphasizes the relationship between the geometric gradient vector and directional derivatives.
• assignment The Path

assignment Homework

##### The Path

Vector Calculus I 2022 You are climbing a hill along the steepest path, whose slope at your current location is $1\over5$. There is another path branching off at an angle of $30^\circ$ ($\pi\over6$). How steep is it?

computer Mathematica Activity

30 min.

Static Fields 2022 (6 years)

Students use prepared Sage code to predict the gradient from contour graphs of 2D scalar fields.
• assignment Contours

assignment Homework

##### Contours

Static Fields 2022 (6 years)

Shown below is a contour plot of a scalar field, $\mu(x,y)$. Assume that $x$ and $y$ are measured in meters and that $\mu$ is measured in kilograms. Four points are indicated on the plot.

1. Determine $\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial x}$ and $\frac{\partial\mu}{\partial y}$ at each of the four points.
2. On a printout of the figure, draw a qualitatively accurate vector at each point corresponding to the gradient of $\mu(x,y)$ using your answers to part a above. How did you choose a scale for your vectors? Describe how the direction of the gradient vector is related to the contours on the plot and what property of the contour map is related to the magnitude of the gradient vector.
3. Evaluate the gradient of $h(x,y)=(x+1)^2\left(\frac{x}{2}-\frac{y}{3}\right)^3$ at the point $(x,y)=(3,-2)$.